THE HISTORY OF TURKS

INTRODUCTION

Today is the day that Turkey repeated threats of war against Greece if Greece exercises its right to extend its territorial waters from 6 to 12 miles as the international law provides.

Greece has responded that Greece is not threatened.

Turkey pretends that such extension will jeopardize the illegal declaration of the Turkish Libyan agreement for EEZ which also violates Greece’s right to make an agreement with Libya as well as violates the existing perfectly legal  EEZ agreement with Egypt. This extension, Turkey claims that will block the passage of Turkish boats to Mediterranean Sea. This is also not true.  

Due to such recent developments with Turkish behavior as a NATO ally, that does not conform with most sanctions imposed to Russia by all NATO and EU members, in addition to its open  threats against Greece, another NATO member, and founder member of EU and Cyprus an other EU and UN member, I wonder how Turkish politicians and Turkish citizens may think about all this, that eventually drives Turkey away from West. I doubt if such behavior has to do with oil and gas resources, that will eventually be stopped in a few years.  

There must be other reasons as well, and one has to look deeper for the reasons why Turkey is taking such position.

The first part of this article under the title THE TURKISH ROOTS, is an Extracts from the Book “The History of Turks” by Jean–Paul Roux, Director of research of the National Science Research Centre, Lecturer in the School of Louvre, and member of the Institute of Turkish Studies of Paris University.  

The second part under the title History of Turks and Turkey   http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupc/ca/cab/d efault.htm
was the official reference from a site , published by the Turkish government. This page has been removed. See bellow a copy of the missing page. This was the way the Turkish Ministry was presenting their history from their point of view.

From my point of view and particularly for the period after the 1st World War I have included a link for a book written by an independent source, the ambassador of US in Constantinople during the 1st world war “Ambassador’s Morgenthau’s story”  see link:  http://www.archive.org/stream/ambassadormorgen00morguoft#page/346/mode/2up H. Morgenthau Ambassador’s Morgenthau’s story. Heath W. Lowrey The Isis Press Istambul 1990.

In general, if a reader wants to get the full story, to form an oppinion,he should reed all three parts and sources of reference included in this article, especially due to Turkey’s recent behaviour against Greece and West including USA, EU even its behaviour against international law and UN.

PART 1
THE TURKISH ROOTS….

Extracts from the Book “The History of Turks” by Jean–Paul Roux,Director of research of the National Science Research Centre, Lecturer in the School of Louvre, and member of the Institute of Turkish Studies of Paris University.  

THE PROTO-TURKS
The roots of the first Turks are hidden in the depths of ages inside the woods of Siberia from where they migrated to Central Asia high lands.
Their presence among the Barbarians of the north who were surrounding China for centuries (The second and third millennium) cannot be identified or registered before the foundation of the first large confederation of nomadic tribes which was made known as Confederation of Hiong-Nou. (200BC)

The tribes that constituted the confederation they belonged to various nationalities and language groups. Among these groups there was many Proto-Turk tribes.
The center of the Empire of Hiong-nou was in the north of Mongolia, the land of “Otouken” a very important location of Strategic value, which will stay as a most sensitive part of the “Empires of High Lands” as various groupings of confederations of Turkish or Turkish speaking tribes were used to be called.

The Hiong –nou intermixed the peoples, they established the foundation of a nomadic civilization and contributed to a great extend to the dominance of Altaic tribes in all higher Asia.
The Hiong-Nou are attacking and expanding their territories both towards west as well as south, around 170 BC.

During this period we observe a lot of migrations and confrontations with other People, some of which were Proto Turks as well as other ancient People, i.e  Yioue-Tse and Vou-Souen, who were Proto-Turks.
It was these confrontations that resulted in the destruction of Vacteriani the famous Hellenistic Kingdom founded by Alexander the Great, during his last expedition.

The distraction of Vacteriani is characteristic of what followed the confrontations of the Nomadic tribes among themselves as well as with other most stable peoples that had developed ancient civilizations. Of course, the conflict with the Hellenistic Vactiriani was minimal compared with the conflict with larger China.
In order to destabilize their enemy (Hiong-Nou ) China managed to create internal fights as a result of which the Empire was split in two new Kingdoms, the Kingdom of North in North Mongolia  and the Kingdom of South in to day’s Interior Mongolia.

This split was the preannouncement of their destruction, nevertheless, the Hiong-Nou maintain instability in China. Before the end of the third century, the Barbarians, following the Hiong Nou are spreading all over North China.

These are Turkish speaking tribes of the Tabgats who are descent from the lake of Vaicali. During 422 they occupy the capital Lo-Yiang and under the name “Dynasty of Bei” they claim all China including  the Oasis of Central Asia. During 534 the Dynasty of Bei is split, dispersed and thus disappears or more precisely is absorbed by China. Of course 150 years of their domination in China was not with no political and military consequences. In the moorings of Central Asia, which had been abandoned meanwhile, a new Nomadic Empire is established from the remaining Hiong Nou which include many Proto-Mongols called Avars.

This new Empire is formed with the participation of  of Tambgats who were still acquainted with the life in the moorings and having still  considerable horse power they became independent and attached the Avars in the heart of their Empire the Land of Otouken. Thus the Turkish tribes rise again  and prepare their future domination.

THE FIRST HISTORIC TURKS
The Mongolic and Siberian  Altaia mountains were the place from which the Turkish people originated. Among these people were the Tou-kue, a special branch of Hiong- Nou and among others the Toles
The Avars already weakened by the attacks launched by the Tambgats are expecting one more assault from the Toles who are seeking their independence.
The story says that Boumin the Chief of Tou-kue tribe is warning the Avars about the plan of Toles and their upraise fails. Boumin requests as a prize for his services the hand of a Princes but he is refused and receives a most offending reply. -Aren’t you the slaves who make our weapons in Altai? Hence the Tou-kue join the Tambgats (Bei) against Avars. In the word Tou-Kue is hidden the word Turk (Tourouk) which means “Strong”.
The Tourouks are the first Historic Turks. It is said that the parental origin of  Tourouks starts from the family Boumin who were  descendants of the tribe of Hion-Nou which was eliminated except a ten year old boy which was mutilated but saved from a female wolf which later united with him and brought to the world ten children, one of these ten children was named Asina
The Name Asina is the is the original name of the Tourouk dynasty. The Tourouks are the successors of Avars and secure the supremacy over all  Turkish speaking races which were tired from the Mongolian dominance. The Tourouks extend their rule in Mongolia in the Russian Turkistan, in a part of Chinese Turkistan, in Afghanistan up to India.
The Empire is becoming enormous.
This first Turkish Empire is established among significant military and cultural powers such as China, Iran and Greek Byzantines, at this time.
The continuous conflicts introduce the Turks to the great historical Civilizations.
The Tourouks after their successes develop similar ambitions to the Greeks.
The Greeks are, for centuries, in conflict with the Persians. Hence they become temporarily allies to the Tourouks. But the Chinese are alert, at the beginning in panic because of this new barbaric power  and are investing in the rivalry between the North and South Tourouks, hence they succeed to create a conflict that helps then to regain their advantageous position in Central Asia.
This is how the second Turkish empire was formed in the area of Otouken which achieved surprising results up to 734 ac. The most important achievement was the reunification of all Turkish tribes and  overthrew the Chinese occupation.

THE CONCURRENCE WITH THE ARABS
So, we arrive at the period of the Arab invasion. Mohamed died during 632 AC and the succeeding Caliphs had undertaken to concur the world. The Byzantines and the Persians were totally exhausted from handsets of years of fights but they were still the dominant powers in the area, even so they could not respond to the challenges. Thus, Arab and Turkish waves  phase each other in their efforts to expand, with same strength and vitality but on opposite directions. The Arabs are moving  East and the Turks are moving west. On account of a shear coincidence they ally against the Chinese army  which they destroy (741AC). So, in just one day, the fait of  Central Asia turn to  “Turkification” and Islam  instead of becoming Chinese as things looked till then. Persia had already collapsed. The gigantic Arab wave towards East corresponded to the Turkish wave towards west. But the collusion did not create a turmoil. The two opposing powers although equally strong they were not of the same nature. One was totally spiritual and cultural and the other was purely military. Islam will give its religion and culture to the Turks while Turks will give their arms to the Arabs

PART 2
History of Turks and Turkey   http://www.mfa.gov.tr/grupc/ca/cab/d efault.htm
The above was the official reference from a site , published by the Turkish government. This page has been removed. See bellow a copy of the missing page.  .

The Republic of Turkey, founded in 1923, has its roots in two historical sources deep in the depths of the past. One of these resources inherited by modern Turkey is the successful and shining history of the Turks over a time frame of more than 4,000 years. The other is the fact that Turks have been settled in Anatolia since the 11th century. .

The Huns The first Turkish tribe that is mentioned in history is the Huns. Clear records about the Huns made their appearance in the 8^th century B.C. Chinese sources refer to the Huns as Hiung-nu and in time, some of the Huns migrated to the West.

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The Gokturks Founded in 552 AD by Bumin Khan, the Gokturks engaged in widespread diplomatic activity. The famed Orhun epitaphs from this period are made up of the tombstone inscriptions of Tonyukuk (d.720), Kültigin (d.731) and Bilge Kagan (d.734) .7

The Uygurs The rule of the Göktürks was brought to an end in the year 745 by the Uygurs, who were of the same ethnic stock as themselves. In this manner all the Turks who had converged under the banner of the Göktürks were dispersed to that of the Uygurs that the agricultural basin where they lived became known as Turkistan. In the year 1229, the Mongols put an end to Uygur sovereignty; the Uygurs however, became their cultural and political mentors
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The Turks and Islam
Contacts between the Turks and Moslems commenced at the beginning of the 8th century and some of the Turks began to favour Islam. However the pro-Arab policies of the Omayads (661-750 A.D) restricted these relations somewhat. Later, many Moslem Turks took office in the Abbside government and because of this, great interest in the Islamic world spread among the Turks beyond the River Ceyhun. Commercial caravans also played a major role in the spread of Islam into the steppes of Central Asia.
The Turks became fully Moslem by the 10th century, and this resulted in the achievement to political unity.
Following these developments, the first Moslem Turkish state was formed by the Karahans.

The Karahans
The Karahans ruled between 990-1212 in Turkistan and Maveraünnehir.
The reign of the Karahans is especially significant from the point of view of Turkish culture and art history.
It is during this period that mosques, schools, bridges and caravansarays were constructed in the cities. Buhara and Samarkand became centres of learning.
In the period, the Turkish language found the means to develop.
Among the most important works of the period is Kutadgu Bilik (translated as “The Knowledge That Gives Happiness”) written by Yusuf Has Hacib, between the years 1069-1070. .

The Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavi state was formed in the year 963 by the Turkish ruler Sevuktekin and is one of the first Moslem Turkish states and worked relentlessly for the expansion of Islam in India. The Ghaznavids finally collapsed in 1186 and were assimilated by the Oguz.
The Turkish scholar Ebu Reyhan el-Beyruni makes this period an important one within Islamic cultural history and wrote the famed work by the poet Firdevsi, the ?ehname, was also written in this period (A.D. 1009) .

The Seljuks The O?uz, who destroyed the Ghaznavid state, succeeded in bringing Anatolia, Iraq, the southern part of the Caucasus, Azerbaijan and the north of Iran under Turkish rule.
The O?uz had first formed the Göktürk Empire in the 6th century; after the expansion of Islam among the Turks, but among the Turks the Oguz came to be called the Turkmens. Tu?rul Bey and Ça?ry (Çakyr) Bey were the grandsons of Seljuks whose name the Seljuks Dynasty adopted.
In their time they, and the O?uz, known as the Seljuks in history, subdued Horasan, defeated the Ghaznavid ruler Mesud in Dandanakan Battle and established the Great Seljuk empire in 1040. In 1071, Alp Arslan (1063-1072) fought the battle of Malazgirt and having defeated the Byzantine Emperor’s forces in this battle opened the doors of Anatolia to the Moslem Turk.
The year 1071 is considered to be the beginning of the Turks and that of Islam Anatolia.
It is following this date that the Turks fully conquered the whole of Anatolia and established the Anatolian Seljuk state there as a part of the great Seljuk Empire. The first schooling institutions, the Moslem theological medreses, were formed in Anatolia during the time of Kylyç Arslan (1153-1192), one in Konya and the other in Aksaray.

Following the establishment of these two medreses the medreses of Syrcaly in Konya (1242-1243), Karatay (1251), Ynce Minareli (1251-1253), Atabekkiye (after 1251-1268), Gökmedrese in Sivas (1271), Buruciye (1271-1272), Çifte Minareli (1271), and the Cacoglu in Kirsehir (1272) were established.
The Seljuks also attributed much importance to the medical sciences and in almost all their cities medical institutions called Darush-Shifa, Darul-Afiye and Darus-Sihna and hospitals were set up.
The main medical treatment centres are the Gevher Nesibe in Kayseri (1205), the Izzettin I Keykavus in Sivas (1217), the Torumtay in Amasya (1266), the Muinuddin Pervane in Tokat (1275) and the Pervaneoglu Ali in Kastamonu (1272).
Because of the Persian influence coming from Iran among the intellectuals, the administrators, the men of arts and the traders, the Anatolian Seljuk state became increasingly affected by Iranian culture and language.  

The BeyliksThe Period Principalities
Political unity in Anatolia was disrupted from the time of the collapse of the Anatolia Seljuk State at the beginning of the 14th century (1308), when until the beginning of the 16th century each of the regions in the country fell under the domination of Beyliks (Principalities).
Eventually, the Ottoman Principality which destroyed all the other Principalities and restored political unity in Anatolia, was established in the Eski?ehir, Bilecik and Bursa areas.
On the other hand, the area in central Anatolia east of the Ankara-Aksaray line as far as the area of Erzurum remained under the administration of the Ilhani General Governor until 1336.
The infighting in Ilhan gave the principalities in Anatolia their complete independence. In addition to this, new Turkish principalities were formed in the localities previously under Ilhan occupation.
During the 14th century, the Turkomans, who made up the western Turks, started to re-establish their previous political sovereignty in the Islamic world.
Rapid developments in the Turkish language and culture toot place during the time of the Anatolia Principalities.
In this period, the Turkish language began to be used in the sciences and in literature, and became the official language of the Principalities. New medreses were established and progress was made in the medical sciences during this period. Gül?ehri, Nesimi (d.1404) and ahmedi (1325-1412) are the prominent Turkish language poets of the 15th century.

The Ottomans

The Ottoman Principality was founded by a Turkoman tribe living on the Turkish-Byzantine border.
The geographic location of the principality and the weak state of the Byzantines combined to make the Ottoman principality the strongest state within the Islamic world by the 14th century.
When Fatih Sultah Mehmet II. conguered the Byzantine capital in 1453, the Ottoman state became the strongest of the time. The tolerant approach taken by Fatih Sultan Mehmet II toward other religions and to the adherents thereof became a tradition accepted by his successors.
Following the capture of Istanbul, the Orthodox Church was freed from obedience to the Catholic Church and granted its independence .

On the other hand, the technical superiority of the Ottoman army began to be evident during the reign of Selim I
The Ottomans has added, in addition to the major part of east Anatolia, the lands considered holy in the Islamic world-Mecca and Medine and their territories.
The brightest period of the Ottoman State was during the reign o Sultan Suleyman (1520-1555) when the boundaries of the Empire spread from the outskirts of Vienna to the Persian Gulf and from the Crimea to an expanded north Africa as far as Ethiopia.
The Ottoman empire continued to acquire territory until the middle of the 17th century. In 1683, it suffered its first major defeat in the siege of Vienna.
As the losses of land and sought continued, the Ottoman Empire sought salvation in a series of reform movements and established education institutions taking after the western institutions which had shown great developments after the Renaissance.
The declaration of the “Tanzimat” Reform movement in 1839 is considered a major link in the chain of modernization events which had continued unabated since the beginning of the 17th century.
The Tanzimat Decree is considered to be a kind of constitution which gave Turkey the means to enter road to contemporary civilization. The principles inherent in the Tanzimat Reform Decree thereby laid the basis for the constitutional regime of modern Turkey and the realization of secularism.
Despite many internal problems and disturbances during the reign of Abdülaziz (1861-1876) the effects of westernization in society became even more evident. Namyk Kemal, Ziya Pasha, Mustafa Fazyl Pasha and his friends published the newspaper “Hürriyet” (Freedom) in London in the year 1864.
The literary themes of the newspaper later gave way to political issues. Although it is because of these trends that the first constitution was promulgated under the leadership of Mithat Pasha in 1876, Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) used the Ottoman-Russian war (1877-78) as an excuse to dissolve Parliament and effectively put an end to this constitutional period.

The Ottoman empire entered the First World War in 1914 on the side of the allied powers. The Ottoman State emerged defeated from the war, together with its allies, and was compelled to sign the Mudrow Armistice on October 30, 1918. Also among the terms of the armistice was a provision that the cocupying powers might occupy areas deemed to be of strategic importance; the powers started therefore to occupy Anatolia on November 1, 1918 according to these terms.
On May 15, 1919, the Greeks occupied Yzmir. A national resistance movement commenced.
In many areas of the country the Society For Defence of Rights (Müdafaa-i Hukuk) started to spring up, and the military arm of the society, called the Kuvayi Milliye. Started to take action.
The resistance movement was, until Mustafa Kemal landed at Samsun, sporadic and disorganized; under his leadership the resistance became cohesive, its forces progressively turned into an organized army and the movement became a full scale war of independence.
More Info about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and National War of Independence The Turkish nation took shape in the centuries of Seljuk and Ottoman power.The official position of the Turkish state today claims that the nomadic Turkish conquerors did not displace the original local inhabitants: Hellenized Anatolians (or simply Greeks), Armenians, people of Caucasian origins, Kurds, and – in the Balkans – Slavs, Albanians and others. This may be true for the early centuries after the collapse of the Byzantines (1453) but certainly is not true for 1800’s and 1900’s. Consider happenings before and after the 1st world war with Armenian, Assyrian and Greek populations.

In spite of this the official Turkish position is that the Turkish population  intermarried with people of other cultures, while many local people converted to Islam and ‘turned Turk’. They were joined by Muslims from the lands north of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, by Persian craftsmen and Arab scholars, and by European adventurers and converts, known in the West as renegades. As a result, the Turks today exhibit a wide variety of ethnic types. Some have delicate Far Eastern, others heavy local Anatolian features, some, who are descended from Slavs, Albanians or Circassians, have light complexions, others are dark-skinned, many look Mediterranean, others Central Asian or Persian.

COMENT BY Nick Kouzos
At this point is worth referring to a book written by an independent source, the ambassador of US in Constantinople during the 1st world war “Ambassador’s Morgenthau’s story”  see link: http://www.archive.org/stream/ambassadormorgen00morguoft#page/346/mode/2up H. Morgenthau Ambassador’s Morgenthau’s story. Heath W. Lowrey The Isis Press Istambul 1990.

How can we improve relations between Greece and Turkey. A response by AI

AI Reply to a a critical question

There is a significant difference in this article because it has not been produced and written by either me or another personality, journalist or politician of any nationality. It has been produced, within one second, by Artificial intelligence (AI) experimental application in response of a question How can we improve relations between Greece and Turkey;  

The same software can respond to any question in any area of interest of any reader, professional or general purpose individual.

Artificial Intelligence has been described as a future threat to humanity greater than atomic energy, leading to self destruction of our society.

For the time being this experimental software is being used by Professional to prepare consulting reports, products arteffects, projects, business plans, IT programs, pictures, legal advise, medical reports architecture drawings, journalist articles, and many more items.

The most serious side effect, for the moment, will be in the addition of speed and Intellectual power, to higher level brain activities improving productivity in comparison to robotics which is mainly improving manual activities replacing lower level activity due to automation and control. Obviously we are entering a new era that will effect medium and higher level human activity. This needs to be seriously taken into consideration in planning education, retraining, use of AI in the third world aas well as in developed countries.

The fallowing article produced from AI is only an example of what AI will do in a few years when we expect the system to interface with Google and other machines with ‘Big Data’ using ‘Data Pattern Recognition’ to produce results in a few seconds that improve human productivity in higher level activity.

An article produced by Artificial

How can we improve relations between Greece and Turkey

Improving relations between Greece and Turkey could involve a variety of steps, including:

1. Diplomatic efforts: Governments can work to establish and maintain channels of communication and dialogue to address issues of concern and try to find mutually beneficial solutions.
2. Economic cooperation: Trade and other forms of economic cooperation can help to build trust and strengthen ties between the two countries.
3. Cultural exchange: Encouraging people-to-people exchanges through programs such as educational and cultural exchanges can help to foster a greater understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures.
4. Confidence-building measures: Both countries could implement measures to reduce tensions and increase transparency, such as military-to-military exchanges and confidence-building measures in the disputed areas of the Aegean Sea.
5. Multilateral efforts: International organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations can play a role in facilitating dialogue and cooperation between Greece and Turkey.

It is important to note that improving relations between the two countries will require a commitment to dialogue and cooperation from both sides and will likely require patience and time.

can you please elaborate more on the above

Certainly. Here is a more detailed explanation of the steps that could be taken to improve relations between Greece and Turkey:

1. Diplomatic efforts: Governments can work to establish and maintain channels of communication and dialogue to address issues of concern and try to find mutually beneficial solutions. This can involve high-level meetings between leaders, as well as ongoing discussions between officials at various levels of government.
2. Economic cooperation: Trade and other forms of economic cooperation can help to build trust and strengthen ties between the two countries. This could involve initiatives to increase trade and investment, as well as cooperation on issues such as energy and infrastructure development.
3. Cultural exchange: Encouraging people-to-people exchanges through programs such as educational and cultural exchanges can help to foster a greater understanding and appreciation of each other’s cultures. This can involve initiatives such as student exchange programs, joint cultural events, and other opportunities for people from both countries to learn about and interact with each other.
4. Confidence-building measures: Both countries could implement measures to reduce tensions and increase transparency, such as military-to-military exchanges and confidence-building measures in the disputed areas of the Aegean Sea. These measures can help to reduce the risk of misunderstandings or accidental incidents and build trust between the two sides.
5. Multilateral efforts: International organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations can play a role in facilitating dialogue and cooperation between Greece and Turkey. These organizations can provide a platform for discussions and help to facilitate cooperation on issues of mutual concern.

It is important to note that improving relations between the two countries will require a commitment to dialogue and cooperation from both sides and will likely require patience and time. It may also involve addressing underlying issues or disputes that have contributed to strained relations in the past.

MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK

Contents:

• Extracts from Ataturk’s memoirs.
• The early days of Kemal’s youth.  
• Kemal, the young revolutionary officer. The creation of the “Motherland and Freedom Society.”  
• The braking of the “First World War.”  
• The Battle for Gallipoli. Kemal is becoming a hero.  
• The Armistice conditions Kemal strongly criticized.  
• The meeting between Kemal and the Sultan during 1918.  
• Two alternatives for the” Eastern question”  
• Reforms introduced by the Sultan during the 19^th century. Tanzimat
• Istanbul under Occupation and the general situation in May 1919.  
• The situation in Anatolia and Pontus-  
• How the Greeks of Pontus describe the situation
• The Resignation of Kemal Ataturk and the open confrontation with the Sultan

Introduction

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was a hero of his country that still lives in the hearts and minds of his people. He was really what his name means, the “Father” of the Turkish people.

He was the person who managed to give back pride to a nation that was totally humiliated out of its defeats during the Balkan wars and the First World War, which Turkey joined on the side of Germany. Germany was also interested to take advantage of the eminent collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

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                       Sketch published in Petit Journal at the time.

He was the winner in the battle of Dardanelle during 1915, he was the man who had the courage to stand up against the Allied forces, after the First World War and overthrow the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

The First World War defeat led to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal was the founder of modern Turkey, and his influence has been so great, that even today, Turkey follows his principles and directions.

For the Greek Nation, Mustafa Kemal has been the “ultimo” enemy, as he managed to reconstruct the Turkish Nation and gain credibility as a leader, within his own country as well as internationally. For the Greeks, he did all that at the expense of millions of Christians, Greeks and Armenians who used to live under Ottoman rule for centuries.

By reading through his “Memoirs” one can form a direct opinion of his views and vision. I personally, tried to find out how this great but controversial personality of our time was thinking about these minorities and to what extend he was responsible for what Greeks believe were actions of Genocide of all Christian populations of Asia Minor.

By reading through his Memoirs one can see that Kemal Ataturk was a top military tactician, a great visionary, a patriot and extremely shrewd politician. I did not manage to get any direct views about how he was thinking on the subject of minorities so I have to form a judgment on the subject just by observations on the historic results.

Extracts from Ataturk’s memoirs.

I find it useful to quote some extracts from Ataturk’s Memoirs that “bring out” his way of thinking and the strength of his character.

I have used as main source of reference a compilation of Ataturk’s memoirs published by Ilhan Aksit a respected Turkish writer and Archeologist and a book about Kemal written by Alexander Jevankoff a specialist on modern Turkish history.

The early days of Kemal’s youth.

Kemal was born in Salonica during 1881. Salonica was still under Ottoman rule at that time. He enrolled at the Military Cadet school of Salonica and later, during 1896 enters the Senior Military School in Monastir.

Obviously, Kemal started his adult life in geographical locations with continuous national confrontations involving Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs. Both Salonica and Monastir were very soon taken away from the Ottoman Empire.

Kemal is writing in his memoirs:

“I showed a lot of interest in my history lessons especially Turkish history…. I had just started my second year in high school when war was declared on Athens to counter the constant Greek aggression. The army marched through Monastir in full strength.

I was living the most exciting days of my youth. Despite my young age, I wanted very much to participate in this war. I was about to join up with the volunteer detachments. The Greek army was annihilated. However, despite the victory that the Turkish army had earned the Padishah signed an Armistice under the pressure of various European states.

Celebrations were taking place in the streets of Monastir again with reverberating shouts of “Long live the Padishah!” This was the first time I did not join in this wish.”

 In March 1899 Mustafa Kemal joins the General Staff Academy in Constantinople from where he graduates as Staff Captain in five years.

Kemal developed a strong, negative opinion about the State Administration very early in his life, as early as his student days at the General Staff College.

He states in his memoirs:

“Our country was in a terrible state, while I was in my junior year in the year 1901, we did not believe that the leading officers would find a way out of this situation.”

Kemal, the young revolutionary officer. The creation of the “Motherland and Freedom Society.”

One year later at the General Staff Academy, at the age of 21, he states:

“New thinking began to shape me and my friends. We saw how evil was the governing of our country.”

At this period, he was influenced with readings from Namik Kemal an intellectual reformist who influenced the Young Turks who have taken further their ideas to the extent that they became advocates of a deep Nationalistic reformation that would require to sacrifice a lot against any other Nationalistic tendencies that were in existence at the time, such as the Armenian, the Arabic or the Balkan Nationalities (Greek, Serbian, Bulgarian).

Namik Kemal was very much against the reforms that the Ottoman Empire tried to introduce during the 19^th century. See further down: Reforms introduced by the Sultan during the 19^th century. Tanzimat

So, very soon started his underground activities, he was arrested and imprisoned for a few months. Despite this he continued with persistence. So, when he was sent by the Army to Syria, a form of exile, he formed an underground organization “Motherland and Freedom Society”. That was 1906.

He relocated to Macedonia where he believed the ground was more appropriate for the promotion of his objectives.

An extract from his introductory speech to some of his friends in Salonica reads as follows:

“We have some urgent obligations to curry out against this unlucky nation. Our sole objective is to save it. Today, they wish to separate the Rumelia region in Macedonia from the homeland. Foreigners are now exercising their partial and actual influence and control over parts of the country. The Padishah is one who can commit all evils, who thinks of nothing but his pleasures and sultanate. The people are being crushed under tyranny and oppression. There is death and collapse in a country in which there is no freedom. The reason for all advancement and formation is liberty. I established a society in Syria. We have started the struggle against tyranny and oppression. I came to set up the foundations of this society here as well. It is imperative to work in secrecy and awaken the organization. I expect self-sacrifice from all of you. I invite you to the task of revolting against this damning oppression, tearing down this rotten, worn-out administration, the people to rule themselves, in short, to save the Motherland.”

Later the “Motherland and Freedom Society” is integrated into the “Committee of Union and Progress.”  Kemal officially joins this organization the 29^th of October 1907. Eight months later the New Turks revolution brings back the constitutional government. That was the First success of the revolutionary movement.

The oppressed minorities of Asia Minor initially supported the principles and declarations of the New Turks organization, because, as it can be observed in the speeches Kemal was giving, were inspired by ideals such as freedom and liberty. That was a huge mistake on their part because exactly the opposite was happening. The New Turks was basically an organization of nationalist revolutionaries, whereas the Ottoman Empire had the characteristics of a multinational state.

It was at the time of Sultan Abdul Hamit and his predecessors that any person of any nationality Albanian, Romeos (Greek of the Ottoman Empire), Armenian, Arab, Kirkasian or Kurd could climb up the top civil servant position. In fact, it is surprising to note that the Frenchman Zouanin wrote in 1840 that if an Ottoman was called a Turk, it was considered an insult at that time!!!

The committee of parliamentary elections 1908

Greek Members of the Ottoman Parliament

Vive la costitution 1908

The revolution of the New Turks

The new Turks in Gildiz Palace 1909

The braking of the “First World War.”

The braking of the First World War found Kemal in Tripoli where he went to fight the Italians. He was immediately called back to Istanbul to receive new orders about the new front. In his memoirs he states:

“Upon my return to Istanbul I was deeply saddened to hear of the Komanova defeat in Egypt, that Salonika had fallen and that the Bulgarians had advanced as far as the outskirts of Catalka near Istanbul.  I just was not able to believe that the Turkish Army could be beaten so easily and so fast.”

It was at that time that Kemal warned the officers about the importance of the narrow passage, which was located north of  Gallipoli and he was immediately appointed to the command of Dardnelle the location that proved to be very important for his military involvement a few years later after a period that was assigned to Sophia as an  Attaché.

The Battle for Gallipoli. Kemal is becoming a hero.

The Battle of Gallipoli was a turning point for the war and for the military carrier of Kemal it may even be said that it was the turning point for the survival of the Turkish nation.

Kemal is saying in his memoirs:

After losing the sea battle on March 18^th of 1915, the enemy (he means the Allies) wanted to gain control of the Straits by launching an assault of the Gallipoli peninsula. It was then that an Army under the name of the Mediterranean Allied Forces started to gather on the Limni Island. This Army was made up of Australian, New Zeland, English and French troops and an Indian Brigade.

As for us we had the second army to counter this force. The German Marshall, Liman Von Sanders was appointed to head this army. The army commander had the idea that the attack would occur from the Asian side and Gallipoli and had his troops positioned according to this idea. I believed the attack would come from Seddulbahir which was the furthest most point from Kabatepe and Gallipoli. The 19^thDivision, of which I was given the command of, was positioned as a reserve army at Bigali.

Finally, the enemy began landing where I had mentioned on the morning of April the 25^th of 1915.

I will not give here the description of the battles Kemal was engaged to with the allies for months in this area, but I will quote some extracts from his memoirs:

… It was here that we came across a very interesting scene. And I think it was the most crucial moment of this historical event. I saw that the unit put in charge of shore observation was running retreating. I personally went to the front of these soldiers.

-I asked why are you running away?

– “Sir, the enemy!”

– “One does not run from the enemy.”

– “We run out of ammunition.”

– “If you don’t have any ammunition, you still have your bayonets.” I spoke.

So, I screamed to them to fix their bayonets.

When I commanded these privates to fix their bayonets and “hit the ground”, the enemy privates “hit the ground” 

as well. 

And it was at this moment that we had won. I gave the 57^th and 77^th Regiments their orders. In fact, I had

 added this to the verbal orders I had given to the commanders:

“I am not ordering you to attack. I am ordering you to die. Other forces and commanders might take our place during the time it takes for us to die.”

Finally, by the November the 10^th the enemy pulled out of Dardanelles. The total loss of lives were 250.000 Turkish soldiers and a similar number from the Allied forces.

The Battle of Gallipoli made Kemal a hero and helped him to survive later when his revolutionary ideas and actions against the Sultan were becoming more widely known. Nevertheless, the whole involvement of Turkey in the Balkan wars and the First World War were disastrous leading to the total collapse not only of the Ottoman Empire but of the main economic infrastructure of the country including the agriculture. The Albanian uprising, the Balkan wars, the war of Tripoli had already caused the loss of significant lives when the First World War started. Out of the 2.800.000 men conscribed in the Turkish Army, around 300.000 to 600.000 were killed, 400.000 were injured while the number of deserters and unaccounted for were estimated around 1.500.000. At the same time a significant percentage of the minority population, Armenians, Greeks, and Syrians, who consisted of a major part of the middle class in the Ottoman Empire, were exterminated by Massacres or persecutions. (See other pages in this site) “The Greek Turkish confrontation.”

It is interesting to note that by reading through carefully the pages of Kemal’s memoirs one cannot get even a glimpse of his thoughts or his intentions about the Greek and Armenian minorities in Asia Minor. Kemal appears not to be involved with any actions influenced by the New Turks leading to persecutions or by actions of the Sultan who proclaimed his sacred war after November 1914, when Russia, Great Britain and France declared war to Ottoman Empire. His first mention of any involvement starts with his trip to Samsun, in Pontus, during 1919.

Kemal much prefers to talk about the multiple war fronts his country had to face from 1914 to 1919, and what a multiple front that was!

The Russian front in Erzurum, the Syrian front, Aleppo, Canakale, Azerbaijan, Iran etc.

It was evident that, for the Ottoman Empire, the end was very close. (1918)

The Armistice conditions Kemal strongly criticized.

Kemal is stating in his memoirs:

“I knew that despite all the catastrophes, I could make the Turks’ presence felt once I could take command of the rest of the Army….”

…. While I was working with my friends on these principles, I received this order from Istanbul.”

“The following are the Armistice conditions we made with the Allied Nations. Every army needs to be informed and must immediately apply all pertinent provisions…”

And Kemal continues:

I came up with the opinion that the Ottoman Empire was quite willing to unconditionally surrender herself to the enemy without any conditions. Not only that but there were also promises to help the enemy invade the country.

Allot of turmoil was taking place in Istanbul, the group that Kemal was commanding was dissolved, Kemal proceeded to Istanbul on November 13^th, 1918. While was crossing to the European side he noticed Averof the Greek Battleship.

“ .. I noticed many enemy battleships, among them was the battleship Averof, that had dropped anchor in Bosporus. I was quite disappointed at this view.

In fact, I told myself that I should not have come to Istanbul. I held the belief that the arriving battleships were going to depart the same way they came.

Despite these views, a lot of Turks in Istanbul were very happy for the end of fighting, but not for long, the shame of foreign occupation ended all that.

No need to say that the Greeks were very enthusiastic with all the developments. In Constantinople there were more than 200.000 Greeks with 130 Greek Orthodox Churches. The Greek troops in Constantinople are feeling very much at home. They don’t lose any opportunity to humiliate the Turks and make them understand that Constantinople will return to its mother country.

Kemal at his despair, he placed a phone from the Ottoman Parliament to request a meeting with Padishah Vahdettin. The meeting took place immediately during November 22^nd, 1918.

The meeting between Kemal and the Sultan during 1918.

The meeting between Kemal and The Sultan was a historic moment that represented the agony of a dying world and the dynamic coming to power of a group of Nationalists, which was fighting for survival among national and International Wars that shacked the area and reshaped the world at the time.

.

Kemal is writing about this meeting that was arranged on November 22, 1918:

“While I was making my opening comments and enlightening him and warning him on a basis of a constructive exchange of thoughts, he pulled the rug out from under me saying:

-I am quite sure that the army’s commanders and officers, like you very much. Can you give me your confidence that I will not succumb to any evil doings from them?

I was not able to immediately grasp the meaning and purpose of such a question, so I asked.

-do you have information and perceptions related to opposing activity by the army?

He closed his eyes and gave neither a positive nor a negative response. He asked the same question; I answered him and spoke.

-As it is, I only arrived in Istanbul a few days ago, I do not know exactly what the situation is here. However, I do not think there would be a reason for any commanders and officers to take a stand against Your Honor. That is why I can assure you that you should not expect any evil doings.

He commented in a very suspicious manner of speaking.

-I am not only talking about today, but for tomorrow as well…

This last sentence got me really thinking:

May be there is a possibility that the Padishah is going to make a move tomorrow that might affect the army’s, patriotic commanders, and officers. By deceiving me he wanted assurances from me on their behalf that they wouldn’t cause any disruption. Could there have been any benefit for myself or the country, with such an explanation? The man sitting across from me looked like he had made his decision a long time ago… I went out of Vadettin’s room feeling very hopeless….

…. The streets of Istanbul were filled with Allied soldiers and their bayonets, whereas one could not see the deep blue water of the Bosporus for the numerous battleships with their guns aimed at both shores…….

For the reader to fully understand and appreciate the impact that Kemal’s movement was making, at the time, one needs to examine closely what each side (the Sultanand Kemal), were really representing, and what the international scene was, with different interested parties (the Great Powers of the world), each one pursuing, by different means, its own aspirations, and interests. So, it is imperative at this point to make a parenthesis and give some of the background and the conditions in the Ottoman Empire.

The best way to convey the atmosphere that was prevailing at the time, which also formed the background for the Balkan Wars and the First World War, is to give an extract from an article written by James Brice at the beginning of the 20^th century.

The decline of the Ottoman Empire was at the time so certain and was progressing so fast that the question the world was razing was not how it may be saved but how and who will inherit it. So, James Brice, in his articles, was analyzing the alternatives.

So, he comments about the alternatives:

Article by James Brice Published 1912.

Two alternatives for the” Eastern question”

Introduction to the article included an article written by the same author during 1905.

“The Balkan question” Published by Luigi Villari, John Murray, London

…….

“For example, the European territories of Ottoman Empire could easily be gained by Russia or be shared between Russia and Austria or between these two with some concessions to Italy and Greece. Smaller sharing could go to the Bulgarians, the Serbs and the Vlachs or other local minorities which will gradually lose their identity and will be absorbed by the Slavic populations of the two empires.

Asiatic Turkey could be absorbed by the Caucasian Russia or could be shared between the Tsar and one or more European Nations with interest to expand in the area.

The wretched subjects of the Ottoman Empire would welcome such eventuality, Muslims and Christians as well.

Let us not forget that the Muslims are expecting to gain from the disruption of the existing system as much as the Christians as well.

Even the least progressive European Governments can guarantee life safety, the property of individuals and it allows wealth concentration, population increase and makes provisions for the education of people.

After all Egypt developed under the British Administration and Bosnia progressed under Austrians.

The Christian minorities did not want to be incorporated with the Austrians or the Russians. This was not because they preferred the Turks but because an advanced collapse of the Ottoman Empire would enforce their aspirations for the Christian nations, which the Austrian and the Russian occupation would destroy.

Hence the overall advantage would eventually be for the inhabitants of the Turkish provinces

So, under this general climate and after the total defeat of the Ottoman army the Sultan was not able to do anything else but compromise. He was basically in the hands of the Allied Powers.

The process that led the Ottoman Empire to this impossible situation did not start just with the Balkan Wars or the First World War, the decline was the result of many years of incompetent autocratic administration that could not adapt to the needs of the emerging world. Some measures to reform the administration and the way the Ottoman Empire was looking at the new world were taken during the first half of the 19^th century, but the results did not save the situation as the efforts to westernize the state resulted in the destruction of the local industry and the total dependence of the Turkish economy to the western powers that eventual caused Bankruptcy due to over borrowing after the Crimean War at the end of 19^th century.

Reforms introduced by the Sultan during the 19^th century. Tanzimat

The Ottoman Empire under Sultan Abdul Medit is at the crossroads of a blind alley of its past and an attempt to introduce a set of reforms that is known as Tanzimat.

These reforms resulted in the loss of state control in commerce and production.

The reforms will become the start of the liberalization of the Turkish economy.

In addition, reforms in the state organization that try to imitate western practices and standards become a vehicle for an easier western penetration to the Ottoman financial, administrative, political, and social infrastructure. For example, the “Baltaliman” trade agreement of 1938, that the Sultan signed with England and later with other western nations became the milestone for the unconditional surrender of the Ottoman market to western competition and as a result an important stage in the process of western penetration. The next stage would be the massive influx of European capital in basic sectors of the Ottoman economy which inevitably lead to the total dependence of the Ottoman state to the western economies.

This happened very fast, and one could see the population, especially in cities like Constantinople, Izmir, and Thessalonica, to develop new consumer habits that could not be satisfied by local industries.

A good example is the increase of imports of cotton textiles from England at the expense of local textile industry.

The agricultural production is increased during the second half of the 19^th century and exports are increased to Western Europe mainly for England.

With the adaptation and total focus of agricultural exports to western economies the Ottoman agriculture becomes even more dependent on west.

The state naturally desires to increase agricultural production so that it may increase the income from these exports and changes the state of land leasing that used to exist introducing reforms for land ownership. As a result, large agricultural areas become even more dependent on the west.

But this increase of agricultural production results in even more industrial and consumer imports from west, as a result the local industry suffers even more.

The next stage now is the influx of western capital.

The state loan that the Ottoman Empire made during the Crimean War and subsequent loans that followed the next twenty years forced the Ottoman Empire to bankruptcy during 1875.

The Greeks of Asia Minor, being in contact with west and having a natural inclination to trade and commerce managed to control a significant part of imports and exports with the west especially with England.

All these reforms and results greatly influenced the thinking and the events that followed later.

One cannot avoid but make historical parallels with today’s events and draw conclusions about how history repeats itself.

Istanbul under Occupation and the general situation in May 1919.

After this long explanatory parenthesis, let us go back to the sequence of events and let us see how things were evolving through the eyes of Kemal.

 Istanbul was occupied by the British and their allies including the Greeks.

“People could only go out of their homes to obtain their basic needs, whereas they had to cower and hunch over in fear along the walls lining the streets in order not to be on the receiving end of rather unpleasant insults. It appears the voting races of hundreds of thousands of those residing in the enormous city of Istanbul had been extinguished. The only rising through the Istanbul skyline were the voices, insults, flags, and bayonets belonging to the enemy.

I was amazed there were still those aware that there was a Sultanate, a government, and an existence.  I made up my mind to pass over into Anatolia……

….. It was around the time I was thinking about going through with this, the government proposed to send me to Anatolia as an inspector. I gladly accepted this proposal on APRIL30, 1919

What an excellent break, fortune had prepared such positive conditions for me that I cannot even begin to describe how thrilled I was. I remember biting my lip from all the excitement as I departed from the Ministry.

The cage has been opened and in front of me waited a big, wide world. I was like a bird flapping its wings, ready to fly….

…. I learned that IZMIR was being occupied by the Greeks while I was saying goodbye to the Ottoman Ministers at the Sublime Porte on May 15^th. The Ministers appeared very hopeless.

On May 16^th, 1919, I embarked aboard the tramp steamer “Bandirma” that the Minister of the Navy, had assigned to me.

I landed at Samsun on the 19^th of May of 1919. This was the general situation at that time:  

·        The group of powers, which included the Ottoman Government, had been defeated in the Great War.  

·        The Ottoman Army had been crushed on every front and an armistice had been signed under severe conditions.  

·        The prolongation of the Great War had left the people exhausted and impoverished.  

·        Vahdettin, the degenerate occupant of the throne and the Caliphate, was seeking for some despicable way to save his person and his throne, the only object of his anxiety.  

·        The army had been deprived of their arms and ammunition.  

·        The Entente Powers did not consider it necessary to abide by the terms of the Armistice. Their warships and troops remained in Istanbul.  

·        The Vilayet of Adana was occupied by the French  

·        Urfa, Maras and Antep were under British occupation.

·        In Antalya and Konya were the Italians.  

·        There were British soldiers in Merzifon and Samsun.  

·        Foreign officers, officials and their agent provocateurs were very active in all directions.  

·        The Greek Army, with the consent of the Entente Powers too, had landed in Izmir. (May 15^th, 1919).

·        Christian elements-Greeks and Armenians- are also at work all over the country. They are trying either openly or in secret, to realize their own ambitions and in doing so, to hasten the break-up of the state.  

·        Mavri Mira, a Greek organization which has been established by the Patriarchate in Istanbul, is forming bands of irregular soldiers. It is organizing meetings and spreading propaganda  

·        The Greek Red Cross and the official Emigrant Affair commission supports the work of Mavri Mira, and the Armenian Patriarch, is also working with them.

·        Another society which is headquartered in Istanbul, called Pontus, works openly and successfully in Trabzon, Samsun and along the entire Black Sea Coast.  

Because of the horrifying seriousness of the situation, certain well-known people have begun to organize movements to remedy it. These include:  

1.      The Thracian- Pashaeli Union in Erdin.

2.      The Union for defense of National Rights of Eastern Provinces in Erzurum.

3.      The league for the Secession of Trabzon and the surrounding province.

4.      Also some young patriots in Izmir have been holding meetings in an attempt to resist the threat of Greek annexation.

The situation in Anatolia and Pontus-

…. I had two army corps directly under my command but also had the authority to give orders to the military units in the surrounding inspection zone. You might ask why they sent me to Anatolia with the intention of banishing me from Istanbul. The answer is that they were not aware of what they were doing. Their excuse for getting rid of me was that it was necessary for me to go to Samsun to give an on –the-spot report on the unsettled situation in the province and to take all necessary measures to deal with it. To do this, I had asked and had been granted special authority and special powers

…. My first order was to run the Pontus dreamers out of Samsun.  

Once security was restored in the vicinity, I established contact with the entire army and then proceeded to Havza on May 25^th.

Meanwhile I had been informed that the provinces of Manisa and Aydin had been occupied by the Greek Army. 

After remaining in Havza from May 25^th to June 12^th, I moved on to Amasya. During this time, I sent out circulars to all commanding officers and high civilian officials, urging them to expedite the formation of national organizations all over the country. I swore that in working with the nation, I was going to sacrifice everything to achieve us 

independence. The people had not been fully informed about the occupation of Izmir and later of Manisa and 

Aydin.”

What Kemal was describing in the above lines was basically a major attack which was executed by Turkish elements for the extermination of the Greeks in the areas of Pontus and Caucasus. Whole villages and towns were then eliminated.

This was encouraged and supported by Kiazim Karabekir the ex-General of the Ottoman Army who had, by now, joined Kemal’s forces.  

But let us see how the Greeks of Pontus describe the situation in an Internet site:

“According to the reports of the German Ambassador in Constantinople, Metternich, the new Turks were trying to make excuses for the deportation of Greeks that used to leave in the coasts of Black Sea saying that the Russians had provided arms and equipment to the Greek population and for this reason they were afraid of a Greek uprising. This argument nevertheless is unsubstantiated since the population that was mainly deported consisted of children women and old people. The younger population that was capable to bear arms they had already enlisted in the army and were on the mountains and abroad.

The Austrian Ambassador in Constantinople Pallavicini described the last events of Pontus in Vienna on the 19^th of December 1916 and on the 2^nd of January 1917, referring to the tragedy of Amisos;

On 11^th of December 1916 5 Greek villages were destroyed and later were burned. The inhabitants were deported.

On the 12^th of December 1916 in the surrounding of the town more villages are burned.

On the 14^th of December 1916 complete villages are burned with the schools and the Churches.

On the 17^th of December 1916 the Turks burned 11 villages around Samsung. The destruction continues. The villagers are brutalized. 18 villages are totally burned and 15 partly burned, around 6O women are raped. Churches were violated and destroyed. The genocide “ala Turk” is mute, sly, with some sort of eastern foxiness, it does not have theoretical background, but rather practical, where looting is the philosophy, The “so called” deportations, exiles of the total population of complete villages, these devastating trudges in the snow, of women, children and old men- the young men are already enlisted in the army or working in the special Tamirat Tabourou and Amele Tabourou*– do not lead to any Auschwitz, a concentration camp with the organized, diabolic, extermination methods that eliminates the physical human existence- no, it was an Auschwitz “on the move”, the people were dying on root, in the middle of the road, they were not marching to go somewhere, no, they were marching to die from hardships, the cold, the hunger, the human humiliation.

* Tamirat Tabourou and Amele Tabourou, units of approximately 1000 men who were forced to obligatory labor with minimum food and water. The prisoners were dying by the thousands. Re: F. Sartioux Asia Minor p.172,173

The tragic predicament of the Greek populations was lending itself for diplomatic exploitation because, due to the war, the English, the French, and the Russians were absent from Asia Minor. America made its presence dynamically known with President Thomas Woodrow Wilson who imposed his political solution for the Eastern Problem that was known as the “policy of the 14 points”

The very competent Ambassador of USA in Constantinople H. Morgenthau was closely observing the policies of the New Turks and was publicly objecting to the methods adopted for the solution of the Greek problem in Asia Minor.

The “nonexistent” Muslim class in Pontus was created, after the genocide of the Armenians and the Greeks, by the “nouveau rich” criminals who accumulated riches from the properties they robed. The descendants of the bigger executioner of the Greeks Tοπάλ Oσμάν are today millionaires and the conveyors of the Turkish middle-class ideology.

It is not a historic exaggeration to accept that a large percentage of today’s Turkish middle class, is the creation of the small independent murderous gangs of robbers, the police and army collaborators, who fought under the tolerance, the cover and support of New Turks, “Kemalist” and after Kemal Governments.

Till today, I don’t believe that historians attributed objectively the huge contribution made by the Bolsheviks to the Turkish National Assembly and consequently to the shuttering of Hellenism of Asia Minor. It has not been adequately pointed out that due to the financial and military support from them the Government of Kemal managed at the most critical moment to stand on its feet and to take publicly the decision to exterminate all Christian populations, without the fear for retaliations from the allies.

In the Greek files there exist reports from the French and English secret services, which describe creepy details of atrocities of the “Kemalists”. How would reports like this have reached the Greek hands? It is unknown. Most probably the same people from the secret services of the Great powers, indignant with the stand taken by their governments, gave their reports to the Greek Government.

J. Gerard writes, introducing G. Horton’s book The Blight of Asia: “. The fact that twenty centuries after the birth of Christ a small and backward people, such as the Turks, managed to commit such crimes against civilization and the progress of the world, should make all nations to stand and think. we turned a deaf ear to the desperate cries for help of the Christians who were dying, even if we knew very well that America was their only hope and now, it is evident, in our country, that there is a tendency which grows all the time, to cover up the crimes of the Turks and forgive them in order to gain material benefits and profit from them”.

These political statements have additional weight when made by an American citizen and statesman because they are free of any prejudice.

The reports of the unpublished files of the various Ministries of exterior and of other public and private files for the drama of the Hellenism of Pontus have no end. In total, up to the obligatory population exchange, more than 350.000 Greeks from Pontus found miserable death from the New Turks and “Kemalists” in the cities and the villages, the ravines and the mountains, in exiles and the prisons, the units of obligatory labor and in the Turkish army as Ottoman citizens.

The Resignation of Kemal Ataturk and the open confrontation with the Sultan

From this point onwards, Kemal had the control of the Turkish National movement and he refused to obey orders to return to Istanbul. He was in open confrontation with the Sultan and the government.

Finally on the 8th of July he sent a telegram to the Sultan and the Minister of Defence announcing in this way his resignation from the Army.

At the same time he announced his decision to the People of Erzouroum where he went after Sivas and Tokat.

After this development the Sultan issued an order, (signed by Nazim Pasha) to the Chief of Staff for the arrest of Kemal.

The reply from the Army was negative and was distributed openly to the rest of the heads of the Army units…….

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A historical report by National Geographic for the Greek Genocide

A historical report by National Geographic for the Greek Genocide

Μία αιρετική ερμηνεία της ευτυχίας

 Κάποιες μέρες μοναξιάς βρίσκεται χρόνος για μια θεώρηση στιγμών που έπαιξαν ρόλο.

Θετικές ή αρνητικές, λάθη ή σωστές επιλογές, έγιναν λεωφόροι ή δρόμοι αδιέξοδοι.

Τα λάθη βαρύνουν την ψυχή σαν τόνοι μολυβιού.

Κάποιες ορθές επιλογές φωτίζουν δρομάκια σκοτεινά που οδηγούν σε ξέφωτα ανοιχτά, στο βάθος μακριά.

Αναλογίζεσαι από πού ξεκίνησες που βρίσκεσαι και που θα πας.

Είναι σαν να χωρίζεται στα τρία, η ζωή σου, σε τρεις διαστάσεις ,που είναι αυθύπαρκτες ξεχωριστές, αυτόνομες που, αλλοίμονο, δεν επιτρέπουν το πέρασμα από την  μια διάσταση στην άλλη.

Είναι, πραγματικές ή ιδεατές, οι τρεις ζωές σου;

Είναι η ζωή που έζησες στο παρελθόν,

είναι η ζωή που τώρα ζεις και τέλος ,

η τρίτη και φαρμακερή είναι η ζωή που θα ήθελες να ζεις και ονειρεύεσαι ή θα ήθελες να είχες ζήσει.

Αυτή η Τρίτη η ζωή είναι το όνειρο της τρίτης διάστασης στην οποία αν μπορέσεις να περάσεις θα αισθανθείς ότι  εκπληρώθηκαν οι στόχοι σου και άξιζε  τον χρόνο της αναμονής που βίωσες.

Οι φωνές από το παρελθόν και το παρόν περνούν στο μέλλον, αν τιθασεύσεις το παρόν  έχεις ελπίδα.

Αν όχι, η τρίτη διάσταση γίνεται ο εφιάλτης του ονείρου σου.

Το τίμημα της εξαγοράς μιας πρόσκαιρης ελπίδας.

Μία απλή προσπάθεια ερμηνείας των πολιτικών αντιθέσεων στην Ελλάδα το 2022.

Η γενιά που γεννήθηκε μέσα στον δεύτερο παγκόσμιο πόλεμο σιγά σιγά αποχωρεί και δίνει την σκυτάλη στην γενιά της μεταπολίτευσης.

Η γενιά που έζησε τον πόλεμο έχει ήδη αποχωρήσει αλλά άφησε ανεξίτηλα σημάδια στις επόμενες γενιές μέχρι σήμερα που θα μπορούσα να την αποκαλέσω γενιά της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης και του ψηφιακού μετασχηματισμού.

Παρά την εκρηκτική τεχνολογική εξέλιξη διαπιστώνεται μία στασιμότητα στις κοινωνικοπολιτικές αντιλήψεις σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα.

Η κοινωνία εξακολουθεί να ζει σε κουτάκια που την προσδιορίζουν, που προσωπικά θα ονόμαζα, προκαταλήψεις που προέρχονται από βιώματα προηγουμένων γενιών που έζησαν κάτω από τελείως διαφορετικές συνθήκες, οικονομικές, πολιτικές, γεωπολιτικές, πολιτισμικές.

Υπάρχει μία αδράνεια στην εξέλιξη της ανθρώπινης σκέψης που την κρατά δέσμια σε παλιές και ξεπερασμένες αξίες, και έννοιες, στην πολιτική, την ηθική, την θρησκεία, στην οικονομική διαχείριση, κλπ.

Σαν παράδειγμα θα αναφερόμουνα στις διαφοροποιήσεις μεταξύ των πολιτικών συστημάτων. Δηλαδή, εξακολουθούν να υπάρχουν τα βασικά συστήματα του Κουμμουνισμού του Σοσιαλισμού, του καπιταλισμού με τις προσθήκες του φιλελευθερισμού, του νεοφιλελευθερισμού, του φασισμού του αυταρχισμού, της οικονομικής ολιγαρχίας, του θρησκευτικού αυταρχισμού και φανατισμού που σταδιακά μετεξελίχθηκαν ανάλογα με τον τρόπο εφαρμογής τους  σε διαφορετικές χώρες κάτω από διαφορετικές συνθήκες και αρχηγούς όπως , Μαοϊστές, Σταλινιστές, Δημοκρατικοί, Ευρωπαϊστές, αποικιοκράτες, αναρχικοί, ακραίοι προς τα δεξιά και αριστερά, κεντρώοι, εξωκοινοβουλευτικοί και τόσοι άλλοι που κατέληξε κανείς να αυτό-προσδιορίζεται.

Μετά τον παγκόσμιο πόλεμο η κάθε παράταξη βάφτιζε τους συντελεστές της ήρωες και κατά βάση ήταν, γιατί πολεμούσαν, από κάθε παράταξη, για τα ιδανικά τους.

Οι παρατάξεις όμως αποτελούντο τόσο από ήρωες όσο και από ιδεολόγους, και από παράγοντες που εξυπηρετούσαν συμφέροντα, εθνικά και οικονομικά, μέχρι και θρησκευτικά.

Ο διαχωρισμός κινήτρων αυτών των παρατάξεων είναι σχεδόν αδύνατος είτε ιστορικά θεωρητικά είτε πραγματιστικά.

Η απόσταση των γεγονότων από πλευράς συνθηκών είναι τόσο μεγάλη που αλλοιώνονται ακόμα και οι έννοιες των λέξεων.

Είναι σαν να λέμε ότι η δημοκρατία της αρχαίας Αθήνας δεν ήταν πραγματική δημοκρατία γιατί βασιζόταν σε σύστημα που ανεχόταν την δουλεία.

Ας προσεγγίσουμε λοιπόν την σημερινή κατάσταση κάτω από τις σημερινές συνθήκες χωρίς επιρροές από παλαιές η και πιο πρόσφατες συνθήκες.

Σήμερα πρέπει να αναγνωρίσουμε τα πραγματικά προβλήματα και να μην κρυβόμαστε πίσω από εικονικές πραγματικότητες.

Σήμερα έχουμε να αντιμετωπίσουμε νέους εχθρούς μερικοί από τους οποίους έρχονται από παλιά, άλλοι γεννήθηκαν πρόσφατα.

Στον χώρο των δημοκρατικών πολιτευμάτων αντιμετωπίζουμε τον λαϊκισμό και την διαφθορά που ασκούνται για τον έλεγχο της εξουσίας.

Στον χώρο των κουμμουνιστικών πολιτευμάτων αντιμετωπίζουμε τον αυταρχισμό και την στέρηση των ατομικών δικαιωμάτων μαζί με την διάβρωση από το ίδιο το εσωτερικό του συστήματος όσο και από παρεμβάσεις από το εξωτερικό, η ίδια η φύση των κουμμουνιστικών συστημάτων είναι αντίθετη με την ανθρώπινη φύση η οποία βρίσκει τρόπους να αποδεσμευτεί από τα δεσμά του συστήματος και έτσι βρίσκουμε πολίτες να συγκεντρώνουν χρυσό και συνάλλαγμα που επενδύουν στο εξωτερικό για να ξεφύγουν από αυτό που τα κουμουνιστικά καθεστώτα ονομάζουν πλεονέκτημα της ισότητας.

Η κατηγορία των αυταρχικών συστημάτων είτε αυτά έχουν σαν βάση την θρησκεία ή τον εθνικισμό, αντιμετωπίζουν όλα τα προβλήματα του λαϊκισμού και της διαφθοράς μαζί με το φόβο αποκλεισμού και εξαφάνισης έτσι  που καταλήγουν να αποτελούν τον μεγαλύτερο κίνδυνο για την  ανθρωπότητα με την αναβίωση όλων των παραγόντων που η ανθρωπότητα προσπάθησε να εξαλείψει με δύο παγκόσμιους και πολλούς τοπικούς πολέμους. Εδώ προκαλεί ο αναθεωρητισμός της Ρωσίας και της Τουρκίας που γενούν ένα ακραίο αντιαμερικανισμό θεωρώντας την Αμερική σαν τον κύριο εκπρόσωπο των προβλημάτων  της ανθρωπότητας.

Μέσα σε αυτά τα παγκόσμια πλαίσια πρέπει να δούμε την θέση της Ελλάδας και των πολιτικών αντιθέσεων που δημιουργούνται.

Η Ελλάδα, από της δημιουργίας της σαν ανεξάρτητο έθνος μετά την απελευθέρωσή της από την Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία έχει μία ιστορία εξάρτησης από τις μεγάλες δυνάμεις που κατά καιρούς της έδιναν πνοή να ζήσει, πάντα εξυπηρετώντας και τα δικά τους συμφέροντα.

Αυτό δεν αλλάζει σήμερα, η μόνη διαφορά είναι ότι σήμερα η Ελλάδα, εκτός από την συνεργασίας της με την Αμερική και την ταύτιση με τα συμφέροντά της είναι και μέλος της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης.

Ανεξάρτητα από τα εγγενή προβλήματα της Ευρώπης, σαν ένα πολύπλοκο πείραμα συνασπισμού και συμβίωσης πολλών κρατών, η Ελλάδα έχει τα πλεονεκτήματα στήριξης των περισσοτέρων Ευρωπαϊκών λαών και άλλων  που προσβλέπουν στην συνεργασία με αυτά.

Είναι λοιπόν προαποφασισμένο ποια είναι τα συμφέροντα και η ασφάλεια της Ελλάδας. Αυτό ελαχιστοποιεί τις πιθανότητες απόκλισης της Ελλάδας από το Ευρωπαϊκό δρόμο ανεξάρτητα από το μακροχρόνιο πρόβλημα πολιτικού διχασμού της Ελληνικής κοινωνίας, κληρονομιά του Βενιζελισμού και του εμφυλίου μετά τον Β παγκόσμιο πόλεμο.

Επομένως τα προβλήματα που παρατηρούνται  για την Ελληνική πολιτική κατάσταση είναι ο λαϊκισμός γύρω από το πρόβλημα για την οικονομία και τις αμυντικές δαπάνες για να αντιμετωπισθεί το πρόβλημα της Τουρκικής επιθετικότητας που δεν φαίνεται να είναι καθόλου προσωρινό.

 Η ανάγκη να περιλαμβάνεται στον προϋπολογισμό του 2023 το ποσό των 5 δις.€ για αμυντικές δαπάνες αποτελεί κρίσιμο παράγοντα για την εσωτερική πολιτική μάχη και ανταγωνισμό των τριών βασικών πολιτικών κομμάτων εφόσον η οικονομία και τα εθνικά θέματα αποτελούν το κύριο πεδίο αντιπαραθέσεων που προσφέρεται για πεδίο λαϊκισμού που αξιοποιούν όλες οι παρατάξεις.

Εκτός του λαϊκισμού η εποχή βρίσκεται αντιμέτωπη με τον εφιάλτη της διαφθοράς που δεν έχει πατρίδα ούτε ιδεολογία ούτε θρησκεία.

Με αυτά έχει να παλέψει η σημερινή πολιτική ηγεσία της Ελλάδας.

Παρά την αύξηση των κρίσεων και των κινδύνων η πολιτική κατάσταση δεν έχει αλλάξει, παραμένει η διάσπαση των αντιπολιτευτικών δυνάμεων της σοσιαλιστικής και κουμμουνιστικής αριστεράς η οποία προσπαθεί να αντιμετωπίσει το πρόβλημα με την σύσταση ενιαίου μετώπου των κομμάτων που αυτοαποκαλούνται ‘Προοδευτικά’

Η δεξιά πολιτική παράταξη, που προσπαθεί να αποτινάξει τμήμα του παρελθόντος, που τμήματά της έπαιξαν αντιλαϊκούς ρόλους, παίρνει θέση ενός λαϊκού αστικού κόμματος, που σε Ευρωπαϊκή ορολογία  ονομάζεται ‘Συντηρητικό’ κόμμα.

Βέβαια είναι να απορεί κανείς πως ένα κόμμα που θεσπίζει την δογματική κουμμουνιστική θεωρία να ονομάζεται ‘προοδευτικό’ ενώ ένα κόμμα που θεσπίζει Ευρωπαϊκές αρχές να ονομάζεται ‘συντηρητικό’.

Αυτή η κατάσταση σηματοδοτεί ένα ακόμα διχασμό που χαρακτηρίζεται από έντονο αντιαμερικανισμό, την σύγκρουση αντικαθεστωτικών και καθεστωτικών ομάδων, γεγονότα που τείνουν να ωθούν σε αποκλίσεις από την  υιοθέτηση κάποιων αντικειμενικών  κριτηρίων για την αξιολόγηση απόψεων και αρχών των κομμάτων του δημοκρατικού τόξου.

Η δογματική αντιμετώπιση των προβλημάτων της καθημερινότητας δεν βοηθά στην υιοθέτηση λύσεων οικουμενικής αποδοχής που σήμερα είναι ακόμα πιο αναγκαία λόγω της παγκόσμιας ενεργειακής κρίσης αλλά ακόμα περισσότερο λόγω του πραγματικού εθνικού κινδύνου που ελλοχεύει από την Τουρκία.

Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα των αντιφάσεων που ζούμε σήμερα στη Ελλάδα αποτελούν οι εκδηλώσεις κατά την εορτή της αντίστασης του πολυτεχνείου.

Ο Ελληνικός λαός, κατά πλειοψηφία, εορτάζει την ημέρα αυτή, δεν συμφωνούν όμως πολλοί από αυτούς να διαμαρτυρόμαστε έξω από την Αμερικανική πρεσβεία όταν ταυτόχρονα δίνουμε γη και ύδωρ για προστασία απέναντι στην Τουρκική απειλή.

Σήμερα δεν χρειαζόμαστε λαϊκισμό για την διανομή των εσόδων στις κοινωνικές τάξεις γιατί το μεγαλύτερο ποσό είναι αναγκαίο να δοθεί για την άμυνα και την ανάπτυξη έτσι που να εξασφαλιστεί η βιωσιμότητα της πατρίδας που για πρώτη φορά απειλείται μετά τον τελευταίο παγκόσμιο πόλεμο.

Δεν θα αναλωθώ σε περισσότερες λεπτομέρειες διότι θα χαθώ στα λάθη και τους λαϊκισμούς όλων των παρατάξεων.

Serious concerns about developments at the end of 2022

1. An overall view.

The end of each year is always a good opportunity to take stock and report, with a critical eye, on the main events that are developing in Greece and the general situation in the world today, which inevitably affects the Greek area as well.

It is useful to simplify and summarize topics to maintain a clear yet holistic understanding.

The main characteristic that effected events during the current year was Revisionism, a new tactic introduced by certain countries intending to change the status of balance of power and universal influence.

The most Shocking event is the start and continuation of Russia’s criminal war against Ukraine that led to terrifying consequences in Europe and the rest of the world.

The deepest cause of this war is revisionism, which is the new tactic aimed at changing the borders for geopolitical rearrangements between West and the East.

Russia is reacting to its encirclement, due to the expansion of NATO after the fall of the Soviet Union, and is using, for this reason, its own powerful weapons, namely Europe’s dependence on gas and oil supplies, and its significant military power, including the atomic threat, weapons that are superior, relative to the rest of Europe, which still depends on USA

As a result of this development, Germany is affected most, so that the myth of the dominant Chancellor Angela Merkel who allowed this dependence to evolve, without foreseeing the developments and risks involved.

At the same time, this development, strengthened France which was better prepared, in terms of military equipment and use of atomic energy for energy independence.

It also strengthened USA, due to gas sufficiency that allows USA to partially cover the needs of Europe, while at the same time benefit from this. It also strengthened its position as a protector of Europe and an international watchdog.

China has strengthened itself by meeting its energy needs on its way to becoming the world’s largest economic power.

Turkey grabbed the opportunity to highlight its own revisionist aspirations with the aim of recovering from what it considers to be the defeat of the Ottoman Empire.

The difficult position in which Europe found itself to be, led to the strengthening of the extreme right forces, and in general, extreme forces, but also caused a delay towards unification, due to the indecision. The unification would give Europe the critical mass it needs to compete, both with USA as well as with other emerging powers.

Within this context, more side effects immerged, within each country, such as either authoritarianism, or corruption or nationalism, or religious fanaticism to a degree of irrationality and retrogression.

We have many examples,

• Conflict in USA, the phenomenon of Trump and populism,

• North Korea, phenomenon of communist family rule and totalitarianism.

• Russia, Putin phenomenon, authoritarianism, corruption, and revisionism.

• Iran, phenomenon of anachronistic theocratic authoritarianism.

• Afghanistan, phenomenon of theocratic and anachronistic authoritarianism.

• Turkey, the Erdogan phenomenon, the phenomenon of revisionism, nationalism, and theocratic authoritarianism,

• Europe, phenomena of corruption and bureaucratic arteriosclerosis, etc

Situation and side effects in Greece.

In our country, in the year 2022, we are still experiencing remnants of the division of the pre- and post-World War II era, at the same time as the «threat from the east» for our real independence, which keeps us at the level of a semi-underdeveloped country.

Unstable political vine.

Unable to formulate comprehensive political positions, dogmatic views and outdated positions, inability to process a structured dialogue, emphasis on populism, over-simplification of complex problems, even when we are faced with very serious problems of economic and national survival, corruption, statism, etc.

Despite our perennial problems and weaknesses, we are surviving by gradually regaining an important position in the European Union which continues to expand.

However, we suffer from the inherent problems of the European Union itself, without being able to take full advantage of the advantages and opportunities provided to us.

During 2022 we have suffered several effects of the war in Ukraine, which were controlled, to some extent, by the impressive increase in tourism and foreign investment.

At the end of the year, however, the threat of war from Turkey has increased, regardless of whether these threats can be implemented, they have an impact on the economy, foreign investments, and development.

A major unfortunate event that causes damage to the image of Europe and Greece is the so-called ‘Qatargate’ affair, due to the involvement of the Greek Vice-President of the European Union, Kaili. This event awakened the European Union to procedures and practices that allow corruption through the well-known ‘lobbies’ and the operation of various NGOs

So, I focus on the above two elements, Turkey and corruption as the main characteristics that color the period of the end of 2022, for Greece and Europe since they lead in a pre-election period for both countries, Greece and Turkey.

2 The revisionary strategy of Turkey

I am tired of seeing, every day, the Turkish president and his staff threatening Greece with war, if it does not accept the Turkish terms, which are none other than changing the terms of Lausanne Treaty, on which the State of Turkey was founded and established the borders with Greece, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.

I am tired of Turkish threats that are not based on any logic, neither for the relations of two allies nor for the relations of two simple neighboring countries.

Who could call the visit of political officials to the country’s borders as aggressive behavior or that the purchase of defense equipment is an aggressive policy, especially when the country itself invests multiple amounts, while announcing, at the same time, that it intends to bomb Greece’s airports, invade Aegean islands, bombard with missiles Athens, if Greece does not disarm the islands whose sovereignty it disputes, while, itself, is gathering serious landing forces directly opposite these islands.

How stupid it is for Turkey to increase its defense budget from 5.5 to 75 billion dollars, and to consider, as an aggressive action, the much smaller defense budget of Greece, which has no other way out, but to base its survival on its economic growth and consequently to increase its defense plans.

Turkey is hiding the real reasons for its aggressive tactics against Greece.

The reality is that Turkey is questioning the validity of international law of the sea, since the importance of small or large islands bare more importance than they had 100 years ago.

In fact, Turkey wants to question the validity of the international treaty of Lausanne.

Unfortunately, this strategy is not temporary due to coming elections, it is a permanent strategy to regain the power of the Ottoman Empire.

Russia’s revisionist behavior gives Turkey the opportunity to manifest its real goals that conflict with Greece’s status as a border of Europe and the Western world.

The “Achilles’ heel” of Greek dynamics remains, as it has always been historically proven, the unity of Hellenism, politicians, and people of Greece including the Hellenism of the “diaspora”.

Never forget that the Greek population has, over time, significantly decreased, in relation to the population of Turkey which will always play an important role.

This should prepare us for more sacrifices and tactics.

3 Turkey threats to launch missiles against Greece

They exterminated Hellenism from its ancestral homes of thousands of years and now they are talking about an invasion against Greece that managed to survive after two world wars.

They are talking about missiles intended to be launched against the Aegean islands, even against Athens, if Greece does not sit down at the negotiating table to discuss the ownership of the islands, even Rhodes and Crete.

In other words, Turkey wants us to do what happened in Cyprus.

Greece is not conspiring or threatening Turkey, it is simply arming itself to face the Turkish armies that are on the coast of Turkey right across from the islands, which they now unabashedly call Turkish and invoke international law that Turkey itself does not sign.

This country is considered an ally. This ally supporting Russia’s attack on Ukraine, which violates all western sanctions against Russia and Iran. This ally that threatens the dissolution of the south-eastern wing of NATO, with blackmail to usurp the rights of other Mediterranean countries.

This is an ally who poisons his people and prepares them for sacrifices unheard of in the 21st century.

Huh! NO Mr. Erdogan NO.

4. Transparency and confidentiality.

Because in the last month of 2022 an extremely serious act of corruption was revealed that exposes and offends the entire European Union for the procedures followed in the European Parliament with the leading role played by the Greek vice-president of the European Parliament Mrs. Eva Kaili and her Italian partner, I feel the obligation to develop my view on the issue of surveillance of persons holding public positions of responsibility whether they belong to the government or the opposition.

At the same time as these events, there is also the matter of the monitoring of the telephones of the president of PASOK and other senior members of parliament by the Greek Intelligence Service, which the opposition considers to be an illegal action, in contrast to the practice followed by the corresponding Belgian service with great success thus exposing corruption in the European Parliament. Regardless of the outcome of the court proceedings for the individuals involved, the key question that concerns the Greek political world is who can be granted the right to monitor and who is being monitored.

The reason why a person needs to be monitored is completely obvious, for reasons either of national security or suspicion of criminal activity.

Under no circumstances can monitoring be carried out for reasons of political opinion or political activity.

The problem that arises is that, in practice, it is never possible to know the result of the surveillance in advance, nor at what level, the person who could be suspected of carrying out such an act may be, that is, no one can be above the law, no matter how high his position may be. The current situation in the European Parliament is a living example of what may happen.

The problem is, who should be authorized to give such order.

It certainly cannot be anyone from the executive administration because the only power that can control the executive power, in a democratic country, is the judiciary power.

Because the matter is particularly sensitive, it is only the constitutional separation of powers can provide a solution.

Of course, there is a counterargument, is it possible to suspect people very high in the hierarchy of executive authority?

History has taught us that ‘no one is infallible’ after all, monitoring is only a precaution against a possible wrongdoing of the executive power, it is not an accusation against anybody.  

The only condition that is set is the non-interference of the executive power with the judiciary.

The second requirement is to maintain confidentiality in a way that fully preserves the process.

The rest is ‘from the wicked’.

Σοβαροί προβληματισμοί για τις εξελίξεις στο τέλος του 2022

1. Μία συνολική θεώρηση.

Το τέλος κάθε έτους είναι πάντα μία καλή ευκαιρία απολογισμού και αναφοράς, με κριτικό βλέμμα, στα κυριότερα γεγονότα που εξελίσσονται στην Ελλάδα και την γενικότερη κατάσταση στον κόσμο σήμερα, που αναπόφευκτα επηρεάζει και τον Ελλαδικό χώρο.

Είναι χρήσιμο να απλοποιούμε και να συνοψίζουμε  τα θέματα για να διατηρούμε μία ξεκάθαρη αλλά και ολιστική αντίληψη.

Αναθεωρητισμός, η νέα τακτική.

Συγκλονίζει, πρώτα από όλα η συνέχεια του εγκληματικού πολέμου της Ρωσίας στην Ουκρανία με τρομακτικές επιπτώσεις στην Ευρώπη και τον υπόλοιπο κόσμο.

Η βαθύτερη αιτία του πολέμου αυτού είναι ο νέο-εισαγόμενος αναθεωρητισμός, που αποτελεί την νέα τακτική που έχει στόχο την αλλαγή των συνόρων για γεωπολιτικές ανακατατάξεις μεταξύ Δύσης και Ανατολής.

Η Ρωσία αντιδρά στην περικύκλωση της, λόγω της επέκτασης του ΝΑΤΟ μετά την πτώση της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης, και χρησιμοποιεί, για τον λόγο αυτό, τα σημαντικά όπλα που διαθέτει, δηλαδή την εξάρτηση της Ευρώπης από την τροφοδοσία αερίου και πετρελαίου, την σημαντική πολεμική ισχύ, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της ατομικής απειλής, σε σχέση με την υπόλοιπη Ευρώπη που εξαρτάται ακόμα από την Αμερική.

Σαν αποτέλεσμα αυτής της εξέλιξης, θίγεται πρώτα από όλα η Γερμανία έτσι που καταρρίπτεται ο μύθος της κυρίαρχης Καγκελαρίου Αγγέλας Μέρκελ που επέτρεψε αυτή την εξάρτηση χωρίς να προνοήσει για τις εξελίξεις.

Ενίσχυσε την Γαλλία που ήταν καλύτερα προετοιμασμένη, από πλευράς στρατιωτικού εξοπλισμού και ατομικής ενέργειας.

Ενίσχυσε τις ΗΠΑ, λόγω επάρκειας αερίου που της επιτρέπει, καλύπτοντας μερικώς τις ανάγκες της Ευρώπης, να ωφεληθεί αλλά ταυτόχρονα να ενισχύσει την θέση της σαν προστάτη της Ευρώπης και διεθνούς τοποτηρητή.

Η Κίνα ενισχύθηκε καλύπτοντας τις ενεργειακές της ανάγκες στον δρόμο της να γίνει η μεγαλύτερη οικονομική δύναμη παγκόσμια.

Η Τουρκία βρήκε την ευκαιρία να αναδείξει τις δικές της  αναθεωρητικές βλέψεις με στόχο να ανακάμψει από αυτό που η ίδια θεωρεί ήτα, την διάλυση της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας.

Η αδύνατη θέση της Ευρώπης, στην οποία βρέθηκε, οδήγησε στην ενίσχυση της άκρας δεξιάς και γενικά των ακραίων δυνάμεων, αλλά και της καθυστέρησης της  ενοποίησή της, λόγω, της  αναποφασιστικότητας, η ενοποίηση θα της έδινε την κρίσιμη μάζα που χρειάζεται να ανταγωνιστεί, τόσο την Αμερική αλλά και τις άλλες ανερχόμενες δυνάμεις.

Μέσα σε αυτό το πλαίσιο, σαν παρενέργειες βλέπουμε, για κάθε χώρα, την ανάπτυξη χαρακτηριστικών, είτε αυταρχισμού, είτε διαφθοράς είτε εθνικισμού, είτε θρησκευτικού φανατισμού σε βαθμό παραλογισμού και οπισθοδρομικότητας.

Παραδείγματα έχουμε πολλά,

• Τον διχασμό στις ΗΠΑ, φαινόμενο Τράμπ και λαϊκισμού,
• Βόρειο Κορέα, φαινόμενο κουμμουνιστικής οικογενειοκρατίας και απολυταρχισμού.  
• Ρωσία, φαινόμενο Πούτιν, αυταρχισμού, διαφθοράς και αναθεωρητισμού.
• Ιράν, φαινόμενο αναχρονιστικού θεοκρατικού αυταρχισμού.
• Αφγανιστάν, φαινόμενο θεοκρατικού και αναχρονιστικού αυταρχισμού.
• Τουρκία, φαινόμενο Ερντογκάν, φαινόμενο αναθεωρητισμού, εθνικισμού και θεοκρατικού αυταρχισμού,
• Ευρώπη, φαινόμενα διαφθοράς και γραφειοκρατικής αρτηριοσκλήρυνσης , κλπ

Κατάσταση και επιπτώσεις στην Ελλάδα.

Στην πατρίδα μας εξακολουθούμε, σε έτος 2022, να βιώνουμε κατάλοιπα του διχασμού της προ και μετά του Β Παγκοσμίου πολέμου εποχής, ταυτόχρονα με την “εξ ανατολών απειλής”, για την πραγματική ανεξαρτησία μας, που μας κρατά ακόμα σε επίπεδα ημι-υπανάπτυκτης χώρας.

Ασταθές πολιτικό κλήμα.

Ανίκανοι να διατυπώσουμε ολοκληρωμένες πολιτικές θέσεις, δογματικές απόψεις  και απαρχαιωμένες θέσεις, αδυναμία διεκπεραίωσης ενός συγκροτημένου διαλόγου, έμφαση στον λαϊκισμό, υπέρ-απλούστευση σύνθετων προβλημάτων, ακόμα και όταν βρισκόμαστε μπροστά σε σοβαρότατα προβλήματα οικονομικής και Εθνικής επιβίωσης, διαφθοράς, κρατισμού κλπ.

Παρά τα διαχρονικά προβλήματα και τις αδυναμίες μας, επιβιώνουμε ανακτώντας σταδιακά μια σημαντική θέση στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση που συνεχίζει να διευρύνεται.

Πάσχουμε όμως από τα γηγενή προβλήματα της ίδιας της  Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης, χωρίς να μπορούμε ταυτόχρονα να αξιοποιήσουμε, πλήρως, τα πλεονεκτήματα και τις ευκαιρίες που μας παρέχονται.

Κατά την διάρκεια του 2022 έχουμε υποστεί αρκετές επιπτώσεις του πολέμου στην Ουκρανία, οι όποιες ελέγχθηκαν, σε κάποιο ποσοστό, από την εντυπωσιακή αύξηση του τουριστικού προϊόντος και των επενδύσεων.

Στο τέλος όμως του έτους έχει αυξηθεί η απειλή πολέμου από την  Τουρκία που ανεξάρτητα εάν οι απειλές αυτές μπορούν να υλοποιηθούν έχουν επίπτωση στην οικονομία, στις ξένες επενδύσεις και στην ανάπτυξη.

Μεγάλο ατυχές γεγονός που προξενεί ζημιά στην εικόνα της Ευρώπης αλλά και της Ελλάδας αποτελεί η λεγόμενη υπόθεση ΄Qatargate’, με την ανάμειξη της Ελληνίδας Αντιπροέδρου της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης κ Καίλης. Το γεγονός αυτό αφύπνισε την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση για διαδικασίες και πρακτικές που επιτρέπουν την διαφθορά μέσω των γνωστών ‘λόμπι’ αλλά και της λειτουργίας των διαφόρων ΜΚΟ  

Εστιάζω λοιπόν στα δύο παραπάνω στοιχεία, Τουρκία και διαφθορά σαν τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά που χρωματίζουν την περίοδο του τέλους του 2022, για την Ελλάδα και την Ευρώπη δεδομένου ότι πρωτοστατούν σε μία προεκλογική περίοδο και για τις δύο χώρες, Ελλάδα και Τουρκία.

2. Η αναθεωρητική στρατηγική πολιτική της Τουρκίας

Με έχει κουράσει να βλέπω καθημερινά τον Τούρκο πρόεδρο και τους επιτελείς του να απειλούν την Ελλάδα με πόλεμο αν δεν αποδεχτεί τους Τουρκικούς όρους που δεν είναι άλλοι από την αλλαγή των όρων της συνθήκης της Λοζάνης, πάνω στην οποία ιδρύθηκε το Κράτος της Τουρκίας και τα σύνορα με την Ελλάδα, μετά την κατάρρευση της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας.

Με κουράζουν οι απειλές που δεν στηρίζονται σε καμία λογική ούτε για τις σχέσεις δύο συμμάχων αλλά ούτε και στις σχέσεις δύο απλών γειτόνων.

Ποιος θα μπορούσε να επικαλεσθεί επιθετική συμπεριφορά την επίσκεψη πολιτικών επισήμων στα σύνορα της χώρας ή ότι η αγορά αμυντικού εξοπλισμού αποτελεί επιθετική πολιτική όταν μάλιστα η ίδια η χώρα επενδύει πολλαπλάσια ποσά ανακοινώνοντας ταυτόχρονα ότι προτίθεται να βομβαρδίσει τα αεροδρόμια της Ελλάδας, να εισβάλει στα νησιά του Αιγαίου να βομβαρδίσει την Αθήνα αν δεν αφοπλίσει τα νησιά των οποίων αμφισβητεί την κυριαρχία ενώ η ίδια συγκεντρώνει σοβαρές αποβατικές δυνάμεις ακριβώς απέναντι.

Πόσο ανόητο είναι να αυξάνει τον αμυντικό προϋπολογισμό από 5.5 σε 75 δισεκατομμύρια η Τουρκία, και να θεωρεί επιθετική ενέργεια τον υποπολλαπλάσιο αμυντικό προϋπολογισμό της Ελλάδας, που δεν έχει άλλη διέξοδο παρά να βασίσει την επιβίωσή της στην οικονομική και κατ’ επέκταση της αμυντική της ενίσχυσης.

Στην πραγματικότητα η Τουρκία αποκρύπτει τους πραγματικούς λόγους για την επιθετική της τακτική εναντίον της Ελλάδας.

Η πραγματικότητα είναι ότι η Τουρκία αμφισβητεί την ισχύ του διεθνούς δικαίου για την θάλασσα δεδομένου ότι η σημασία των νησιών μικρών και μεγάλων έχουν μεγαλύτερη σημασία από αυτή που είχαν πριν από 100 χρόνια και η Τουρκία θέλει να αμφισβητήσει την ισχύ της διεθνούς συνθήκης της Λοζάνης.

Δυστυχώς η στρατηγική αυτή της Τουρκίας δεν είναι πρόσκαιρη λόγω εκλογών, αποτελεί πάγια στρατηγική να επανακτήσει την ισχύ της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας.

Η αναθεωρητική συμπεριφορά της Ρωσίας δίνει την ευκαιρία στην Τουρκία να εκδηλώσει τους πραγματικούς στόχους της που έρχονται σε σύγκρουση με την υπόσταση της Ελλάδας σαν σύνορο της Ευρώπης και του δυτικού κόσμου……………………..

……………………..

3. Απειλές εκτόξευσης Τουρκικών πυραύλων εναντίον της Ελλάδας

Ξεκλήρισαν τον Ελληνισμό από τις πατρογονικές εστίες χιλιάδων ετών και τώρα μιλάνε για εισβολή εναντίον της Ελλάδας που επιβίωσε.

Μιλάνε για πυραύλους που θα εκτοξεύουν εναντίον των νήσων του Αιγαίου ακόμα και της Αθήνας, αν δεν καθίσουμε στο τραπέζι των διαπραγματεύσεων να συζητήσουμε την κυριότητα των νήσων ακόμα και της Ρόδου και της Κρήτης.

Δηλαδή να κάνουμε ότι έγινε στην Κύπρο.

Η Ελλάδα δεν επιβουλεύεται ούτε απειλεί την Τουρκία απλά εξοπλίζεται να αντιμετωπίσει τις Τουρκικές στρατιές που βρίσκονται στα παράλια της Τουρκίας ακριβώς απέναντι στα νησιά, που τώρα ανερυθρίαστα αποκαλούν Τουρκικά και επικαλούνται το διεθνές δίκαιο το οποίο η ίδια η Τουρκία δεν υπογράφει.

Αυτή η χώρα θεωρείται σύμμαχος. Αυτός ο σύμμαχος που υποστηρίζει την επίθεση της Ρωσίας στην Ουκρανία, που παραβιάζει όλες τις κυρώσεις της δύσης εναντίον της Ρωσίας και του Ιράν. Αυτός ο σύμμαχος που απειλεί την διάλυση της νοτιοανατολικής πτέρυγας του ΝΑΤΟ , με εκβιασμό για να σφετεριστεί τα δικαιώματα άλλων χωρών της Μεσογείου.

Αυτός ο σύμμαχος που δηλητηριάζει τον λαό του και τον προετοιμάζει για θυσίες ανήκουστες τον 21ο αιώνα.

Ε! ΟΧΙ κύριε Ερντογκάν ΟΧΙ.

Και μετά ήρθε η διαφθορά και οι υποκλοπές.

4.Διαφάνεια, απόρρητο και διαφθορά “Κατάρ Gate” .

Επειδή στον τελευταίο μήνα του 2022 αποκαλύφτηκε μία εξαιρετικά σοβαρή πράξη διαφθοράς που εκθέτει και προσβάλει ολόκληρη την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση  για τις διαδικασίες που τηρούνται στο Ευρωπαϊκό κοινοβούλιο με πρωταγωνιστικό ρόλο να παίζει η Ελληνίδα αντιπρόεδρος του Ευρωπαϊκού κοινοβουλίου κα Έυα Καιλή και ο Ιταλός σύντροφός της,  αισθάνομαι την υποχρέωση να αναπτύξω την άποψή μου για το θέμα της παρακολούθησης ατόμων που κατέχουν δημόσιες θέσεις ευθύνης είτε αυτά ανήκουν στην κυβέρνηση είτε στην αντιπολίτευση.

Ταυτόχρονα με τα γεγονότα αυτά υπάρχει και το θέμα της παρακολούθησης των τηλεφώνων του προέδρου του ΠΑΣΟΚ και άλλων στελεχών βουλευτών   από την Ελληνική Υπηρεσία Πληροφοριών, πράγμα που θεωρεί η αντιπολίτευση σαν παράνομη ενέργεια, σε αντίθεση με την πρακτική που ακολούθησε η αντίστοιχη Βελγική υπηρεσία με εξαιρετική επιτυχία με αποτέλεσμα να αποκαλυφθεί η διαφθορά στο Ευρωπαϊκό κοινοβούλιο. Ανεξάρτητα από τα αποτελέσματα της δικαστικής διαδικασίας για τα άτομα που εμπλέκονται η βασική ερώτηση που απασχολεί το Ελληνικό πολιτικό κόσμο είναι σε ποιον μπορεί να εκχωρείται το δικαίωμα παρακολούθησης και ποιοι παρακολουθούνται.

Ο λόγος για τον οποίον θα παρακολουθείται είναι απόλυτα εμφανής, για λόγους εθνικής ασφάλειας ή υπόνοιας ποινικής δραστηριότητας.

Σε καμία περίπτωση δεν μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί παρακολούθηση για λόγους πολιτικής άποψης ή πολιτικής δραστηριότητας.

Το πρόβλημα που αναφύεται είναι ότι στην πράξη ποτέ δεν είναι δυνατόν να είναι γνωστό η εμφανές το αποτέλεσμα της παρακολούθησης εκ των προτέρων ούτε σε ποιο επίπεδο μπορεί να βρίσκεται το άτομο που θα μπορούσε να είναι ύποπτο για την εκτέλεση μίας τέτοιας πράξης, δηλαδή κανείς δεν μπορεί να είναι πάνω από τον νόμο όσο και ψιλά και αν βρίσκεται. Το παράδειγμα του Ευρωπαϊκού κοινοβουλίου.

Το πρόβλημα είναι ποιος θα έχει την δυνατότητα να δώσει την εντολή αυτή.

Ασφαλώς δεν μπορεί να είναι κανείς από την διοίκηση διότι η μόνη εξουσία που μπορεί να ελέγξει την εκτελεστική εξουσία είναι η δικαστική .

Επειδή το θέμα είναι ιδιαίτερα ευαίσθητο, μόνο η συνταγματική διάκριση εξουσιών μπορεί να δώσει μία διέξοδο.

Υπάρχει βέβαια ο αντίλογος, είναι δυνατόν να υπάρχει υποψία για την εκτέλεση τέτοιων πράξεων από άτομα υψηλά στην εκτελεστική εξουσία;

H ιστορία μας έχει διδάξει ότι ‘ουδείς αλάνθαστος’ και σε κάθε περίπτωση, προφύλαξη από κάθε πιθανότητα δεν υπάρχει ούτε και απόλυτη ασφάλεια για κάθε σωστή ή λανθασμένη ενέργεια της εκτελεστικής εξουσίας, και τελικά, η παρακολούθηση δεν αποτελεί κατηγορία αλλά μόνο μία προληπτική ενέργεια που προφυλάσσει ακόμα και την εκτελεστική εξουσία από παρεξηγήσεις.

Η μόνη προϋπόθεση που τίθεται είναι η μη ανάμιξη της εκτελεστικής εξουσίας με την δικαστική.

Η δεύτερη προϋπόθεση είναι η διατήρηση του απορρήτου με τρόπο που να διαφυλάσσεται πλήρως η διαδικασία.

Τα υπόλοιπα είναι ‘εκ του πονηρού’.

Το μύνημα σε εικόνες

ΤΟ ΝΕΡΟ

Τι είναι αυτή η αίσθηση που μοιάζει με το νερό του χείμαρρου, που όσο  ορμητικό κι’ αν είναι σαν πούπουλο σε παίρνει και σε κουβαλά μέσα από καταρράκτες , πηγές και ήρεμα ρυάκια σε ποταμούς γαλήνιους , βράχια και θάλασσες ρηχές , λιμάνια ή πέλαγα ατέλειωτα.

Ένα νερό διάφανο και καθαρό χωρίς θερμοκρασία κρύα ή ζεστή, να νιώθεις  σαν να σε φυσά ένα απαλό αεράκι

Τα χρώματα αλλάζουν σε κάθε στροφή, του πρωινού το ρόδισμα, το κόκκινο του δειλινού, το σκούρο μπλε της νύχτας , το χρυσαφή του φεγγαριού, ατέλειωτα χρώματα της ίριδας.

Αναρωτιέμαι στον δρόμο αυτό τι είναι η αίσθηση αυτή που μοιάζει με την αγκαλιά της μάνας, μα και με το ερωτικό φιλί μιας δύνης, πραγματικής ρουφήχτρας που πάλι δεν αισθάνεσαι την δύναμη του νερού στο δέρμα σου.

Τι δύναμη έχει το νερό, και πως αλλάζει σχήμα ανάλογα με το έδαφος που το διαμορφώνει;

Ξαφνικά αναλογίζομαι ότι και εμείς οι άνθρωποι από νερό ήμαστε σε ποσοστό μεγάλο και αυτή η έλξη που αισθάνομαι είναι η έλξη της απορρόφησης, είναι η έλξη των ψυχών που από την αρχή αναζητούνε η μία την άλλη να ενωθούν αφού από νερό είναι φτιαγμένες, είναι ο έρωτας  που αναζητά την ένωση και αν δεν την βρει μετατρέπεται σε βέλος ενός θεού που όλοι μας αναγνωρίζουμε.

Άσε τον χείμαρρο να σε τραβά το βέλος ν’ αποφύγεις.

Turkey’s propaganda. Unhistorical views about the Aegean islands and Libya. Greeks never inhabited Aegean Islands!

VICTORY (NIKEI) OF SAMOTHRAKI STATUE

Turkish military veteran Ozgur Tor expresses incredible and unhistorical views about the Aegean islands and Libya, speaking to the Turkish TV station Haber Global.

Referring initially to Immigration, he says that together with «the problem of terrorism must become a problem not only of Turkey, but also of Europe».

See also – What is behind Erdogan’s revisionary challenges

Erdogan wonders: «How do we ensure this»?  For him to respond: «With words it is not possible. Apart from the Syrians, you send the other immigrants to the islands and then everyone will say that «Aaaaaa!!!, the security of Europe starts with Turkey», that is, then, they will understand it».

He therefore concludes: «The path of explanation is sometimes not done with words, but actions are needed».

To, then, come to… the main issue which is the Aegean and Libya. «Even Herodotus» says so.

And goes on:

«Greece, in the last century, dominated the Aegean as never before in its history. Look at it, I say again, Greece got these after the Balkan wars» emphasizes Ozgur Tor.

And he adds: In the history of Greece, even in its most ancient history, in mythological times, even then if you look at the islands of the Aegean, there were no Greeks.»

In fact, he invokes «scientific evidence», which he will however submit «Later, when there will be more time, I will explain who lived on those islands and I will prove this with scientific evidence, how the inhabitants were our relatives».

And he concludes: «Even Herodotus says this, that is, he supports how the Libyans are a Turkish people and how they are a Turonian people.»

Falsification of history

I am furious with this attempt to falsify history with this shameful Turkish propaganda. Ozgiour Toρ and his compatriots have gone too far.

All this Turkish propaganda can only be addressed for totally ignorant audiences.

They should spend some time to read some history and educate themselves.

A few paragraphs to clarify some historical facts that any person could easily verify after some reading on history books even on internet

Lesbos

The island Lesbos has a long cultural tradition from the ages of ancient Greece, music composer Terpandros, the poets Sappho and Alkaios, the one of Greece’s Seven Sages Pittacos and the philosopher Theophrastus up to the contemporary painter Theophilus and the 1997 Nobel prize winner poet Odysseus Elytis.

In more detail:

Sappho was an Archaic Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sappho was widely regarded as one of the greatest lyric poets and was given names such as the «Tenth Muse» and «The Poetess». Wikipedia. Sappho and Alkaios, who have lent their names to our select olive oils, are considered a poetic couple and maintain their timeless status as two of the foremost figures of Lesvos. tere is much more….

Theophrastus (371 – 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesvos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age and initially studied in Plato’s school. After Plato’s death, he attached himself to Aristotle who took to Theophrastos his writings. When Aristotle fled Athens, Theophrastos took over as head of the Lyceum. Theophrastus presided over the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school flourished greatly. He is often considered the father of botany for his works on plants. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus. Pittacus was a native of Mytilene and son of Hyrradius. He became a Mytilenaean general who, with his army, was victorious in the battle against the Athenians and their commander Phrynon. In consequence of this victory, the Mytilenaeans held Pittacus in the greatest honour and presented the supreme power into his hands. After ten years of reign, he resigned his position, and the city and constitution were brought into good order. He tried to reduce the power of the nobility and was able to govern with the support of the popular classes, whom he favored.

Some of his sayings:

«Forgiveness is better than revenge.»

«Whatever you do, do it well.»

«Power shows the man.»

«Do not say beforehand what you are going to do; for if you fail, you will be laughed at.»

Dodecanese islands

Dodecanese islands are known since the Greek antiquity and no civilization has ever questioned their Greek origin. The Greeks inhabit the Dodecanese in the 14th century and up to this day, excavations have brought to light 18 settlements of Achaia on 8 islands of Dodecanese complex and other Mycenean findings of exceptional value. In the years of Dorians, the three cities of Rhodes island, with Kidnos and Alikarnassos formed a political-economical league with a religious character, the Dorian settlement.

The Dodecanese was the birthplace of the great philosopher Kleovoulos the Lindian, the founder of Medicine Hippocrates, Theocritus, one of the best literate figures, known for his bucolic poetry and hundreds of other chosen personalities in the arts and letters. During the Roman years, Rhodes forced the Romans to come into terms with the maritime law, the first maritime law in world history, while Kos island initiated them to the Hippocratic medicine and the fundamental laws of nature.

Crete

If Turks want to speak about Crete they better read a little history in my article given to some Turkish friends who had their origin from Albania, transferred to Crete from the Ottomans to change the population ratio. A link to this article follows https://timesforchange.wordpress.com/…/from-candia-to…/.

Libyans

Let us talk about Libyans that Turks talk that they are Turks. Turks want to call all Muslims Turks. This is nonsense, we are facing this problem with Muslims in West Thrace, in North Macedonia in Kosovo in Albania, in many Arab countries and so on. 

Native Libyans are primarily a mixture of Berbers and Arabs. Small Tuareg and Tebu tribal groups in southern Libya are nomadic or seminomadic. Among foreign residents, the largest groups are citizens of other African nations, including North Africans (primarily Egyptians and Tunisians), and Sub-Saharan Africans. Libyan Berbers and Arabs constitute 97% of the population; the other 3% are Sub-Saharan Africans, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians. The main language spoken in Libya is Arabic, which is also the official language. So they are not Turks.

Aegean civilization

Aegean civilization is a general term for the Bronze Age civilizations of Greece around the Aegean Sea. There are three distinct but communicating and interacting geographic regions covered by this term: Crete (Minoan), the Cycladic and the Greek mainland (Mycenean) or Hellenic. These civilizations interacted, the peoples of the mainland adapted to Cretan civilization to form their own. Even the first inhabitants of Greece referred to as Pelasgi interacted and mingled with the first well known iron age Greek races which were all considered to form a single Greek race- even from the time of Trojan war. The Cretans actually were mentioned by Herodotus to participate in the Trojan war.

Mythology from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen

The origin of the Ionians, from Hellen  is the eponymous progenitor of the Hellenes son of Deucalion, ancestor of the Hellenes, king of Phthia, arranged a marriage between his son Xuthus and the daughter of king Erechtheus of Athens. Xuthus then founded the Tetrapolis («Four Cities») of Attica, a rural district. His son, Achaeus, went into exile in a land subsequently called Achaea after him. Another son of Xuthus, Ion, conquered Thrace, after which the Athenians made him king of Athens. Attica was called Ionia after his death. Those Ionians colonized Aigialia changing its name to Ionia also. When the Heracleidae returned the Achaeans drove the Ionians back to Athens. Under the Codridae they set forth for Anatolia and founded 12 cities in Caria and Lydia following the model the 12 cities of Achaea, formerly Ionian.

What is Ozgur Tor and the rest of the Turks are. trying to say or create an other Myth, that Turkish tribes came from Siberia before Pelasgians, Cretans, Ions, Dorians and Acheus and fought Greeks in the Trojan war? May be they were also speaking some archaic Greek which was spoken by Pelasgians. I am very interested to what he will say next.